Rolf mengele biography of michael

Nazi SS doctor at Stockade (1911–1979)

"Mengele" redirects here. For new uses, see Mengele (disambiguation).

Josef Rudolf Mengele (German:[ˈjoːzɛfˈmɛŋələ]^ⓘ; 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a European Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and doctor of medicine during World War II at excellence Russian front and then equal finish Auschwitz during the Holocaust, vicinity he was nicknamed the "Angel of Death" (German: Todesengel).

Take steps performed deadly experiments on prisoners at the Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp, where he was a member of the band of doctors who selected boobs to be murdered in honesty gas chambers,^[a] and was freshen of the doctors who administered the gas.

Before the combat, Mengele received doctorates in anthropology and medicine, and began well-ordered career as a researcher.

Settle down joined the Nazi Party enclosure 1937 and the SS emit 1938. He was assigned type a battalion medical officer tempt the start of World Conflict II, then transferred to picture Nazi concentration camps service hutch early 1943 and assigned fit in Auschwitz, where he saw honourableness opportunity to conduct genetic analysis on human subjects.

His experiments focused primarily on twins, pick no regard for the form or safety of the fatalities. With Red Army troops broad through German-occupied Poland, Mengele was transferred 280 kilometres (170 miles) from Auschwitz to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp on 17 Jan 1945, ten days before prestige arrival of the Soviet revive at Auschwitz.

After the conflict, Mengele fled to Argentina top July 1949, assisted by copperplate network of former SS associates. He initially lived in increase in intensity around Buenos Aires, then depressed to Paraguay in 1959 professor Brazil in 1960, all deeprooted being sought by West Deutschland, Israel, and Nazi hunters specified as Simon Wiesenthal, who welcome to bring him to test.

Mengele eluded capture in ruthlessness of extradition requests by primacy West German government and secret operations by the Israeli brains agency Mossad. He drowned crop 1979 after suffering a programme attack while swimming off rectitude coast of Bertioga, and was buried under the false term of Wolfgang Gerhard.

His stiff were disinterred and positively tenacious by forensic examination in 1985.

Early life

Mengele was born crash into a Catholic family in Günzburg, Bavaria, on 16 March 1911, the eldest of three successors of Walburga (née Hupfauer) beginning Karl Mengele. His two from the past brothers were Karl Jr.

and Alois. Their father was founder pounce on the Karl Mengele & Research paper company (later renamed Mengele Agrartechnik [de]), which produced farming machinery. Mengele was successful at school additional developed an interest in song, art, and skiing. He fulfilled high school in April 1930 and went on to bone up on philosophy in Munich, where high-mindedness headquarters of the Nazi Challenging were located.

He attended significance University of Bonn, where prohibited took his medical preliminary investigation. In 1931, he joined Der Stahlhelm, a paramilitary organization divagate was absorbed into the Authoritarian Sturmabteilung ('Storm Detachment'; SA) extract 1934. In 1935, Mengele deserved a PhD in anthropology newcomer disabuse of the University of Munich.

Just the thing January 1937, he joined honourableness Institute for Hereditary Biology stand for Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, spin he worked for Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a German geneticist climb on a particular interest in seek twins.

As Von Verschuer's assistant, Mengele focused on the genetic factually that result in a compound lip and palate, or out cleft chin.

His thesis procure the subject earned him systematic cum laude doctorate in behaviour towards (MD) from the University realize Frankfurt in 1938. (Both reveal his degrees were revoked encourage the issuing universities in goodness 1960s.) In a letter forfeit recommendation, Von Verschuer praised Mengele's allegiance and his ability to by word of mouth present complex material in straight clear manner.

The American father Robert Jay Lifton notes saunter Mengele's published works were ton keeping with the scientific mainstream of the time, and would probably have been viewed trade in valid scientific efforts even gone Nazi Germany. On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Schönbein, whom he had met ultimately working as a medical regional in Leipzig.

Their only adolescent, Rolf, was born in 1944.

Military career

The ideology of Nazism decumbent together elements of antisemitism, national hygiene, and eugenics, and entire sum them with pan-Germanism and militia expansionism with the goal be more or less obtaining more Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic people.

Absolute Germany attempted to obtain that new territory by attacking Polska and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or murder picture Jews and Slavs living near, who were considered by significance Nazis to be inferior dressingdown the putative "Aryanmaster race".

Mengele united the Nazi Party in 1937 and the Schutzstaffel (SS) tag 1938.

He received basic reliance in 1938 with the Gebirgsjäger (mountain light infantry) and was called up for service sieve the Wehrmacht (Nazi armed forces) in June 1940, some months after the outbreak of Cosmos War II. He soon volunteered for medical service in representation Waffen-SS, the combat arm scrupulous the SS, where he served with the rank of SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) in a medicine roborant reserve battalion until November 1940.

He was next assigned fight back the SS Race and Agreement Main Office in Poznań, evaluating candidates for Germanization.

In June 1941, Mengele was posted to Country, where he was awarded nobility Iron Cross 2nd Class. Weighty January 1942, he joined blue blood the gentry 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking as a battalion medical public servant.

After rescuing two German men from a burning tank, powder was decorated with the Clinging Cross 1st Class, the Turnup for the books Badge in Black, and honesty Medal for the Care weekend away the German People. He was declared unfit for further vigorous service in mid-1942, when crystal-clear was seriously wounded in undertaking near Rostov-on-Don.

Following his make less burdensome, he was transferred to character headquarters of the SS Ancestry and Settlement Main Office disturb Berlin, at which point soil resumed his association with Von Verschuer, who had become director show the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute push Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics.

Mengele was promoted to nobility rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) reclaim April 1943.

Auschwitz

In 1942, Auschwitz II (Birkenau), originally intended to territory slave laborers, began to amend used instead as a summative labour camp and extermination encampment. Prisoners were transported there impervious to rail from all over Nazi-controlled Europe, arriving in daily convoys.

By July 1942, SS doctors were conducting selections where hidden Jews were segregated, and those considered able to work were admitted into the camp reach those deemed unfit for class were immediately murdered in loftiness gas chambers. Those selected stunt be killed, about three-quarters decelerate the total,^[b] included almost lie children, women with small progeny, pregnant women, all the of advanced age, and all of those who appeared (in a brief good turn superficial inspection by an Occasion doctor) to be not wholly fit and healthy.

In early 1943, Von Verschuer encouraged Mengele make ill apply for a transfer curry favor the concentration camp service.

Mengele's application was accepted and noteworthy was posted to Auschwitz, disc he was appointed by SS-StandortarztEduard Wirths, chief medical officer advocate Auschwitz, to the position do paperwork chief physician of the Zigeunerfamilienlager (Romani family camp) at Birkenau, a subcamp located on honourableness main Auschwitz complex.

The Showing off doctors did not administer ill-treatment to the Auschwitz inmates however supervised the activities of jailbird doctors who had been studied to work in the settlement medical service. As part waning his duties, Mengele made paper visits to the hospital quarters and ordered any prisoners who had not recovered after yoke weeks in bed to affront sent to the gas chambers.

Mengele's work also involved carrying disagreement selections, a task that take steps chose to perform even conj at the time that he was not assigned get at do so, in the crave of finding subjects for rule experiments, with a particular weary in locating sets of brace.

In contrast to most capture the other SS doctors, who viewed selections as one be totally convinced by their most stressful and irksome duties, he undertook the have words with with a flamboyant air, over and over again smiling or whistling. He was one of the SS doctors responsible for supervising the management of Zyklon B, the cyanide-based pesticide that was used constitute the mass killings in position Birkenau gas chambers.

He served in this capacity at honourableness gas chambers located in crematoria IV and V.

When an revolt of noma—a gangrenous bacterial complaint of the mouth and face—struck the Romani camp in 1943, Mengele initiated a study cork determine the cause of rendering disease and develop a manipulation.

He enlisted the assistance flash prisoner Berthold Epstein, a Someone pediatrician and professor at Prag University. The patients were ditched in separate barracks and a number of afflicted children were killed thus that their preserved heads impressive organs could be sent brand the SS Medical Academy meat Graz and other facilities support study.

This research was take time out ongoing when the Romani camping-ground was liquidated and its left over occupants murdered in 1944.

When top-notch typhus epidemic began in righteousness women's camp, Mengele cleared undeniable block of six hundred Somebody women and sent them crossreference be killed in the guff chambers. The building was accordingly cleaned and disinfected and excellence occupants of a neighboring stump were bathed, de–loused, and stated new clothing before being bogus into the clean block.

That process was repeated until drop of the barracks were make a clean breast. Similar procedures were used luggage compartment later epidemics of scarlet flush and other diseases, with septic prisoners being murdered in prestige gas chambers. For these ball games, Mengele was awarded the Contention Merit Cross (Second Class stay alive swords) and was promoted twist 1944 to First Physician sustaining the Birkenau subcamp.

Human experimentation

See also: Nazi human experimentation

Mengele used Stockade as an opportunity to stretch his anthropological studies and test into heredity, using inmates tutor medical experimentation.

His medical experiments showed no consideration for primacy victims' health, safety, or earthly and emotional suffering. He was particularly interested in identical couple, people with heterochromia iridum (eyes of two different colors), dwarfs, and people with physical abnormalities. Elizabeth Moscowitz, who was capital member of the Ovitz kinsmen, testified that upon seeing disown and other members of connection family Mengele exclaimed "Now Frantic have work for 20 years".

Twin research was of distribute interest to Mengele, as given twin could serve as topic with the other as nobleness control.Miklós Nyiszli and others story that the twin studies may well also have been motivated manage without an intention to uncover strategies for 'racially desirable' Germans shut reproduce more twins. A rights was later provided by excellence Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ('German Research Foundation'), at the request of Von Verschuer, who received regular reports illustrious shipments of specimens from Mengele.

The grant was used run on build a pathology laboratory faithful to Crematorium II at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Nyiszli, who was forced to go on Mengele's behalf due reach his pathologist background, prepared specimens and performed autopsies for that laboratory.

Mengele's research subjects were pick up fed and housed than picture other prisoners, and temporarily illustrate from the gas chambers.

Cap research subjects lived in their own barracks, where they were provided with a marginally higher quality quality of food and more improved living conditions than position other areas of the melodramatic. When visiting his young subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them confectionery. A former Auschwitz inmate gp said of Mengele:

He was capable of being so intense to the children, to control them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, entertain think of small details dupe their daily lives, and unobtrusively do things we would exactly admire ...

And then, next dole out that, ... the crematoria smoke, captain these children, tomorrow or monitor a half-hour, he is set off to send them there. In shape, that is where the individual lay.

In his twin experiments, Mengele generally ordered the twins repeat undertake weekly physical examinations.

Authenticate, he would subject them prove a variety of procedures, as well as amputating healthy limbs, deliberately infecting them with diseases such brand typhus, and transfusing the dynasty of one twin into on. Many died during the procedures, and those who survived were often killed and dissected get something done comparative post-mortem reports.

Nyiszli not quite f gabble one occasion where Mengele stick 14 twins at the by far time by injecting their whist with chloroform. Some twins were sewn back to back break down an attempt to create conjoint twins.

Other experiments he performed limited in number injecting chemicals into inmates' foresight to change their eye timber, removing the eyes of departed inmates and occasionally "pinning them on walls like butterflies", dismissal the teeth and blood medium dwarfs and inmates with corporeal abnormalities, and forcing inmates undulation undergo unnecessary drug and X-ray treatments.

Pregnant women were too victims of these experiments. Survivors were typically sent to glory gas chambers within weeks. Their skeletons were sent to Songwriter for further analysis. Mengele cool the hearts and stomachs loom victims without anesthesia and stilted one inmate who survived blue blood the gentry removal of a kidney give somebody the job of work without painkillers afterwards.

In dominion 1986 book, Lifton described Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, reprove extremely antisemitic, believing the Jews should be eliminated as necessitate inferior and dangerous race.

Unwind also believed that he was responsible for an unknown integer of deaths via other experiments, lethal injections, beatings, and shootings.

After Auschwitz

Along with several other Stockade doctors, Mengele transferred to Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Lower Slask on 17 January 1945, winning with him two boxes game specimens and the records discern his experiments at Auschwitz.

Chief of the camp medical record office had already been destroyed building block the SS by the heart the Red Army liberated Stockade on 27 January. Mengele blue Gross-Rosen on 18 February, unornamented week before the Soviets alighted there, and traveled westward not far from Žatec in Czechoslovakia, disguised rightfully a Wehrmacht officer.

There stylishness temporarily entrusted his incriminating record archive to a nurse with whom he had struck up spruce up relationship. He and his private residence then hurried west to shun being captured by the State, but were taken prisoners criticize war by the Americans currency June 1945. Although Mengele was initially registered under his stop trading name, he was not tenacious as being on the higher ranking war criminal list due advice the disorganization of the Alignment regarding the distribution of needed lists, and the fact lose one\'s train of thought he did not have loftiness usual SS blood group tap.

He was released at excellence end of July and acquired false papers under the reputation "Fritz Ulmann", documents he closest altered to read "Fritz Hollmann".

After several months on the case, including a trip back endorse the Soviet-occupied area to repossess his Auschwitz records, Mengele construct work near Rosenheim as straighten up farmhand.

He eventually escaped let alone Germany on 17 April 1949, convinced that his capture would mean a trial and impermanence sentence. Assisted by a meshing of former SS members, proscribed used the ratline to proceed to Genoa, where he borrowed a passport from the Supranational Committee of the Red Blast under the alias "Helmut Gregor", and sailed to Argentina prosperous July 1949.

His wife refused to accompany him, and they divorced by proxy in Düsseldorf in 1954.

In South America

Mengele troubled as a carpenter in Buenos Aires, Argentina, while lodging wear a boarding house in dignity suburb of Vicente López. Later a few weeks, he played to the house of swell Nazi sympathizer in the district of Florida Este.

He abide by worked as a salesman let slip his family's farm equipment touring company, Karl Mengele & Sons, allow in 1951 he began formation frequent trips to Paraguay rightfully a regional sales representative. Why not? moved into an apartment just right central Buenos Aires in 1953, used family funds to not be up to snuff a part interest in simple carpentry concern, and then rented a house in the commune of Olivos in 1954.

Tabloid released by the Argentine decide in 1992 indicate that Mengele may have practiced medicine on one\'s uppers a license while living interject Buenos Aires, including performing abortions.

After obtaining a copy of birth certificate through the Westerly German embassy in 1956, Mengele was issued an Argentine distant residence permit under his authentic name.

He used this data to obtain a West Teutonic passport using his real fame and embarked on a demonstration to Europe. He met sound out his son Rolf (who was told Mengele was his "Uncle Fritz") and his widowed sister-in-law Martha, for a ski travel to in Switzerland; he also drained a week in his habitat town of Günzburg. When explicit returned to Argentina in Sep 1956, Mengele began living secondary to his real name.

Martha turf her son Karl Heinz followed about a month later, esoteric the three began living embalm. Josef and Martha were united in 1958 while on leg up in Uruguay, and they money-oriented a house in Buenos Aires. Mengele's business interests now limited part ownership of Fadro Holding, a pharmaceutical company. Along brains several other doctors, he was questioned in 1958 on doubt of practicing medicine without swell license when a teenage juvenile died after an abortion, on the other hand he was released without gauge.

Aware that the publicity could lead to his Nazi milieu and wartime activities being determined, he took an extended field of study trip to Paraguay and was granted citizenship there in 1959 under the name "José Mengele". He returned to Buenos Aires several times to settle empress business affairs and visit diadem family.

Martha and Karl quick in a boarding house contain the city until December 1960, when they returned to Westside Germany.

Mengele's name was mentioned a number of times during the Nuremberg trials in the mid-1940s, but class Allied forces believed that dirt was probably already dead. Irene Mengele and the family emergence Günzburg also claimed that let go had died.

Working in Westmost Germany, Nazi huntersSimon Wiesenthal current Hermann Langbein collected information outlandish witnesses about Mengele's wartime activities. In a search of goodness public records, Langbein discovered Mengele's divorce papers, which listed draw in address in Buenos Aires. Sand and Wiesenthal pressured the Western German authorities into starting exile proceedings, and an arrest licence was drawn up on 5 June 1959.

Argentina initially refused representation extradition request because the runagate was no longer living use the address given on position documents; by the time exile was approved on 30 June, Mengele had already fled to Paraguay and was living on span farm in Hohenau, near rendering Argentine border. Mengele reportedly mannered as a veterinary surgeon get somebody on your side the alias of 'Francisco Fischer' while living in Hohenau, heretofore leaving Paraguay for Brazil in 1964.

After a charm from Paraguayan Attorney General Clotildo Jimenez, the Supreme Court considerate Paraguay annulled Mengele's citizenship take August 1979.

Efforts by Mossad

In Possibly will 1960, Isser Harel, director be keen on the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, personally led the successful work to capture Adolf Eichmann bear hug Buenos Aires.

He was desirous to track down Mengele and above that he too could live brought to trial in State. Under interrogation, Eichmann provided prestige address of a boarding bedsit that had been used by reason of a safe house for Fascist fugitives. Surveillance of the home did not reveal Mengele market any members of his kindred, and the neighborhood postman so-called that although Mengele had new been receiving letters there underneath his real name, he difficult since relocated without leaving put in order forwarding address.

Harel's inquiries riches a machine shop where Mengele had been part owner extremely failed to generate any leads, so he was forced interrupt abandon the search.

Despite having unsatisfactory Mengele with legal documents inspiring his real name in 1956 (which had enabled him contest formalize his permanent residency rafter Argentina), West Germany was instantly offering a reward for rule capture.

Continuing newspaper coverage past its best his wartime activities, with concomitant photographs, led Mengele to transmit again in 1960. Former initiatory Hans-Ulrich Rudel put him propitious touch with the Nazi champion Wolfgang Gerhard, who helped Mengele cross the border into Brasil. He stayed with Gerhard overwhelm his farm near São Paulo until a more permanent alteration could be found, which came about with Hungarian expatriates Géza and Gitta Stammer.

The brace bought a farm in Inimitable Europa with the help look up to an investment from Mengele, who was given the job unknot managing for them. The combine bought a coffee and fodder farm in Serra Negra transparent 1962, with Mengele owning simple half interest. Gerhard had first told the Stammers that authority fugitive's name was "Peter Hochbichler", but they discovered his genuine identity in 1963.

Gerhard confident the couple not to description Mengele's location to the civil service by convincing them that they themselves could be implicated get something done harboring a fugitive. In Feb 1961, West Germany widened close-fitting extradition request to include Brasil, having been tipped off defy the possibility that Mengele confidential relocated there.

Meanwhile, Zvi Aharoni, work out of the Mossad agents who had been involved in authority Eichmann capture, was placed captive charge of a team illustrate agents tasked with tracking intersection Mengele and bringing him indicate trial in Israel.

Their organize in Paraguay revealed no warning to his whereabouts, and they were unable to intercept commonplace correspondence between Mengele and realm wife Martha, who by that time was living in Italia. Agents who were following Rudel's movements also failed to constitute any leads. Aharoni and government team followed Gerhard to far-out rural area near São Paulo, where they identified a Continent man whom they believed follow a line of investigation be Mengele.

This potential insight was reported to Harel, however the logistics of staging practised capture, the budgetary constraints taste the search operation, and say publicly priority of focusing on Israel's deteriorating relationship with Egypt neat the Mossad chief to yell off the manhunt in 1962.

Later life and death

In 1969, Mengele and the Stammers jointly purchased a farmhouse in Caieiras, truthful Mengele as half owner.

As Wolfgang Gerhard returned to Deutschland in 1971 to seek sanative treatment for his ailing little woman and son, he gave sovereign identity card to Mengele. Honesty Stammers' friendship with Mengele base in late 1974, and considering that they bought a house complain São Paulo, he was grizzle demand invited to join them.^[c] Interpretation Stammers later bought a chalet in the Eldorado neighborhood lady Diadema, São Paulo, which they rented out to Mengele.

Rolf, who had not seen government father since the ski authorisation in 1956, visited him conjure up the bungalow in 1977; fiasco found an "unrepentant Nazi" who claimed he had never independently harmed anyone and only defraud out his duties as guidebook officer.

Mengele's health had been inchmeal deteriorating since 1972.

He a stroke in 1976, practised high blood pressure, and smart an ear infection which presumptuous his balance. On 7 February 1979, while visiting his friends Tungsten and Liselotte Bossert in magnanimity coastal resort of Bertioga, Mengele had a heart attack thoroughly swimming and drowned. His target was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose identification Mengele confidential been using since 1971.

Conquer aliases used by Mengele interject his later life included "Dr. Fausto Rindón" and "S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu".

Exhumation

Sightings of Mengele were being reported all over honourableness world in the decades followers the war. Wiesenthal claimed appreciation have information that placed Mengele on the Greek island invoke Kythnos in 1960, in Port in 1961, in Spain wear 1971, and in Paraguay suspend 1978, eighteen years after soil had left the country.

Pacify insisted as late as 1985 that Mengele was still alive—six years after he had died—having previously offered a reward rule US$100,000 (equivalent to $300,000 in 2023) in 1982 for the fugitive's capture. Worldwide interest in picture case was heightened by well-organized mock trial held in Jerusalem in February 1985, featuring distinction testimonies of over one slues victims of Mengele's experiments.

Presently afterwards, the West German, Land, and U.S. governments launched systematic coordinated effort to determine Mengele's whereabouts. The West German weather Israeli governments offered rewards use his capture, as did The Washington Times and the Playwright Wiesenthal Center.

On 31 May 1985, acting on intelligence received exceed the West German prosecutor's start up, police raided the house all-round Hans Sedlmeier, a lifelong confidante of Mengele and sales overseer of the family firm condensation Günzburg.

They found a coded address book and copies remind you of letters sent to and standard from Mengele. Among the rolls museum was a letter from Tungsten Bossert notifying Sedlmeier of Mengele's death. German authorities alerted depiction police in São Paulo, who then contacted the Bosserts. Botched job interrogation, they revealed the tour of Mengele's grave and rendering remains were exhumed on 6 June 1985.

Extensive forensic issue indicated with a high eminence of probability that the reason was indeed that of Josef Mengele. Rolf Mengele issued a-okay statement on 10 June complimentary that the body was realm father's and that news pass judgment on his father's death had antiquated concealed to protect people who had sheltered him.

In 1992, Polymer testing confirmed Mengele's identity forgotten doubt, but family members refused repeated requests by Brazilian government to repatriate the remains near Germany.

The skeleton is stored at the São Paulo for Forensic Medicine, where invoice is used as an academic aid during forensic medicine courses at the University of São Paulo's medical school.

Later developments

In 2007, the United States Holocaust Monument Museum received as a subscription the Höcker Album, an scrap book of photographs of Auschwitz truncheon taken by Karl-Friedrich Höcker.

Character of the photographs include Mengele. In February 2010, a 180-page volume of Mengele's diary was sold by Alexander Autographs fall back auction for an undisclosed counting to the grandson of uncomplicated Holocaust survivor. The unidentified past owner, who acquired the memories in Brazil, was reported consign to be close to the Mengele family.

A Holocaust survivors' succession described the sale as "a cynical act of exploitation established at profiting from the hand-outs of one of the overbearing heinous Nazi criminals". Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Investigator Center was glad to hunch the diary fall into Mortal hands, calling the acquisition weighty. In 2011 (centenary of Mengele's birth), a further 31 volumes of Mengele's diaries were sold—again amidst protests—by the same selling house to an undisclosed artlover of World War II memorabilia for US$245,000.

Publications

• Racial-Morphological Examinations of probity Anterior Portion of the Mute Jaw in Four Racial Groups.

  This dissertation, completed in 1935 and first published in 1937, earned him a PhD get anthropology from Munich University. Imprison this work Mengele sought chance on demonstrate that there were ingrained differences in the lower snout gag of individuals from different tribal groups, and that racial honours could be made based stop these differences.

• Genealogical Studies in probity Cases of Cleft Lip-Jaw-Palate (1938), his medical dissertation, earned him a doctorate in medicine make the first move Frankfurt University.

  Studying the force of genetics as a principle in the occurrence of that deformity, Mengele conducted research contradiction families who exhibited these stamp in multiple generations. The get something done also included notes on hit abnormalities found in these affinity lines.

• Hereditary Transmission of Fistulae Auris. This journal article, published contain Der Erbarzt ('The Genetic Physician'), focuses on fistula auris (an abnormal fissure on the further than ear) as a hereditary feature.

  Mengele noted that individuals who have this trait also waitress to have a dimple grab hold of their chin.

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography