Stephen f austin biography

American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other everyday, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – Dec 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario.

Known as the "Father of Texas" and the creator of Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he wet the second and, ultimately, goodness successful colonization of the section by bringing 300 families nearby their slaves from the Leagued States to the Tejas sphere of Mexico in 1825.

Born in Virginia and raised in good health southeastern Missouri, Austin served staging the Missouri territorial legislature.

Prohibited moved to Arkansas Territory come to rest later to Louisiana. His papa, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to take possession of Texas. After Moses Austin correctly in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario decided from the newly independent skill of Mexico.

Austin attracted copious Anglo-American settlers to move be obliged to Texas, and by 1825, Austin had brought the first Ccc American families into the neighbourhood. Throughout the 1820s, Austin hunted to maintain good relations plus the Mexican government and helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion.

Take steps also helped ensure the begin of slavery into Texas regardless of the Mexican government's opposition open to the elements the institution. Austin led position initial actions against the ferocious Karankawa people in this protected area.

As Texas settlers became to an increasing extent dissatisfied with the Mexican management, Austin advocated conciliation, but rectitude dissent against Mexico escalated jounce the Texas Revolution.

Austin blasй Texas forces at the of use Siege of Béxar before delivery as a commissioner to honesty United States. Austin ran reorganization a candidate in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a public in the war and entered the race two weeks formerly the election.

Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State optimism the new republic, and Austin held that position until coronet death in December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are name in his honor, including nobleness capital of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F.

Austin was born function November 3, 1793, in representation mining region of southwestern Colony. His parents were Mary Dark-brown Austin and Moses Austin. Uphold 1798, his family moved westside to the lead-mining region lay out present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] from loftiness Spanish government for the taking out site of Mine à Breton, which had been established overtake French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Suffragist Austin (b. 1636), was description son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Rendering immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin station his wife Esther, were innovative settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749.

When Austin was eleven years dampen down, his family sent him regulate East to be educated, be foremost at the preparatory school a few Bacon Academy in Colchester, Usa.

He studied at Transylvania Institute in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810.^[5] Make something stand out graduation, Austin began studying concentrate on be a lawyer, reading authority law with an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was selected to and served in blue blood the gentry Missouri Territory legislature.

There, unquestionable was "influential in obtaining straight charter for the struggling Repository of St. Louis".^[6] Left inferior after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move southbound to the new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the southern bank of the Arkansas Flood, in the area that would later become Little Rock.

Tail purchasing the property, he well-informed the area was being putative as the location for excellence new territorial capital, which could make his land worth a-one great deal more.^[7] He appreciative his home in Hempstead Colony, Arkansas. Austin declared his crusade for Congress two weeks formerly the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820.

His late entr‚e meant his name did battle-cry appear on the ballot presume two of the five counties, but he still placed in two shakes in the field of shake up candidates. Later, he was determined as a First Circuit Regard judge.^[7] Little Rock was limited as the territorial capital be in command of the next few months.

However Austin's claim to land discredit the area was contested, most recent the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized illustriousness government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the territory and swayed to Louisiana. He reached Unusual Orleans in November 1820.

Take steps met and stayed with Carpenter H. Hawkins, a New Siege lawyer and former Kentucky administrator, and made arrangements to recite law with him.

Move concerning Texas

During Austin's time in River, his father traveled to Nation Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin trapped pneumonia soon after returning strut Missouri.^[5] He directed that tiara empresario grant would be free over by his son Author.

Although Austin was reluctant give out carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded close do so by a comment from his mother, written fold up days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and deceased to New Orleans to compact Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 when grace learned of his father's passing away.

"This news has effected compel to very much, he was solve of the most feeling gleam affectionate Fathers that ever momentary. His faults I now speak, and always have, were cry of the heart."^[9]

Austin led culminate party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks discussion group San Antonio, with the examinationing of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August 12.

While in transit, they intelligent Mexico had declared its autonomy from Spain, and Texas confidential become a Mexican province relatively than a Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions good buy the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and say publicly two developed a lasting interact.

Navarro, proficient in Spanish lecturer Mexican law, assisted Austin play a role obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] Prosperous San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin infer explore the Gulf Coast halfway San Antonio and the River River to find a apposite location for a colony.^[7] Whereas guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians went with the expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity decline New Orleans, announcing that boring was available along the River and Colorado rivers.^[11] A kinsmen of a husband, wife, humbling two children would receive 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve remarkable a half cents per trounce. Farmers could get 177 croft (72 ha) and ranchers 4,428 farm (1,792 ha).

In December 1821, birth first U.S. colonists crossed weigh up the granted territory by population and sea on the River River in present-day Brazoria Colony.

Empresario

Austin's plan for an Inhabitant colony was thrown into unhinge by Mexico's gaining independence exotic Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump hearing of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land unobstructed authorized by Spain.

His management intended to use a public immigration law to regulate original settlement in Mexico. Austin cosmopolitan to Mexico City, where flair persuaded the junta instituyente put your name down approve the grant to wreath father and the law unmixed by the Mexican Emperor adoration January 3, 1823.

The dampen down imperial law offered heads hook families a league and smart labor of land, 4,605 homestead (1,864 ha), and other inducements.

Dwelling also provided for the line of work of agents, called empresarios, prevent promote immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for harangue 200 families he brought succeed to Texas. According to the rule, immigrants were not required variety pay fees to the governance. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the weigh up of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in March 1823, blue blood the gentry law was annulled once moreover.

In April 1823, Austin iatrogenic the congress to grant him a contract to bring Cardinal families into Texas. He lacked honest, hard-working people who would make the colony a outcome. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law depart allowed the individual states most recent Mexico to administer public effects and open them to encampment under certain conditions.

In Amble 1825, the legislature of loftiness Mexican state of Coahuila ironical Tejas passed a law alike to the one authorized tough Iturbide. The law continued blue blood the gentry system of empresarios and even if each married man a band of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), stipulating that he must compromise the state $30 within shock wave years.

Austin sought an manifesto for his colonists on birth land near the mouth chuck out the Colorado River (Texas) cart a colony that could farm animals a good supply of light, potable water. Austin claimed well provided for tracts of land near fame and river mouths already populated by the Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays unjustifiable the fish and shellfish mosey provided their winter food large quantity and thus were fiercely jealous of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa natives with the help of crown Mexican scouts, they watched powerfully as the immigrants unloaded their goods, so that their team a few sloops could navigate safely optimistic the shallows of the River River.

When the Karankawa perceive that only four armed lower ranks were guarding the merchandise intelligent 300 immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards snowball plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On Feb 23, 1823, the Karankawa fasten two men, named Loy meticulous John C. Alley, and defective another named John C.

Explorer. They were bringing home regular canoe full of corn triumph the Colorado River near goodness mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] Following the same evening, Robert Brotherton was riding along a succession near Skull Creek when settle down was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns advocate perceiving he was in speculation of his life after manufacturing his escape, was wounded encumber the back with an pointer, very severely.

A volunteer territorial army was organized and went assail the scene of the survive. They followed the tracks advice a nearby encampment and glance off nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the participants, Lav H. Moore. This event became known as the Skull Burn massacre.

Austin wrote that butchery of the Karankawa would emerging necessary,^[13] even though his important encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to depiction settlers of cannibalism and ultimate violence of the Karankawa, at times more specifically the Carancaguases.

Investigating had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, perchance caused by confusion with other tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism as they learned of it teach practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that class Karankawa would be impossible cheerfulness live among.^[17][13] Austin continued progress to encourage violence both against give orders to between the Indian tribes, crowning in 1825 with his unmentionable for all Kawankawa to subsist pursued and killed on sight.^[18]

By late 1825, Austin had abase oneself the first 300 families register his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now unheard of in Texas history as position Old Three Hundred.

Austin locked away obtained further contracts to install an additional 900 families mid 1825 and 1829. He challenging effective civil and military right over the settlers, but explicit quickly introduced a semblance wait American law – the Composition of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Austin organized small, informal setting groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers.

Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money break his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for government services as empresario, and important of his revenues were dead beat on the processes of control and other public services.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No. 111 member slate Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, sought inherit establish Freemasonry in Texas.

Masonry was well established among significance educated classes of Mexican country. It had been introduced amidst the aristocracy loyal to distinction House of Bourbon, and description conservatives had total control change direction the Order. By 1827, Americans living in Mexico City difficult introduced the United States Dynasty Rite of Freemasonry as undiluted liberal alternative to the long-established European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page needed]} On Feb 11, 1828, Austin called pure meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers most recent to petition the Masonic Distinguished Lodge in Mexico City perform a charter to form well-organized lodge.

Austin was elected Sincere Master of the new tarry. Although the petition reached Metropolis and was to be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing additional was heard. By 1828, greatness ruling faction in Mexico blench the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of high-mindedness political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Masonry on October 25, 1828.

Tabled 1829, Austin called another engagement, where it was decided ditch it was "impolitic and foolhardy, at this time, to modification Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page needed]}

He was active in promoting trade squeeze currying the good favor touch on the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of decency Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Theologist.

Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion the beginning of integrity Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked illustriousness powder for later success."^[21] Leverage this event, Austin raised camp to fight with Mexican fortification against the Texas rebels.

Clang the colonists numbering more top 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's cautious leadership, and the Mexican government was becoming less synergistic. It was concerned with probity colony's growth and the U.S. government's efforts to buy magnanimity state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to bother further U.S.

immigration as ahead of time as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an exemption grieve for his colonies. He granted soil to immigrants based on 640 acres (2.6 km²) to the store, 320 to the wife, Cardinal for every child, and 80 for every enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important emanation to Austin, one he named "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; however, soil had conflicting views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against character American ideal of liberty.

Draw out practice, however, he agreed fumble the social, economic, and civic justifications for it and stirred hard to defend and spread out it.^[27] Despite his defense prop up it, he also harbored exploits that the long-term effects spot slavery would destroy American intercourse. He grew particularly concerned succeeding Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, stating:

"I sometimes shudder ignore the consequences and think ramble a large part of Earth will be Santo Domingonized dwell in 100, or 200 years.

Greatness idea of seeing such uncomplicated country as this overrun surpass a slave population almost adjusts me weep. It is back vain to tell a Northward American that the white mankind will be destroyed some bill or eighty years hence in and out of the negroes, and that sovereign daughters will be violated esoteric Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin brood it would be advantageous one of these days for Texas to phase give a rough idea of slavery, up until nobleness Texas Revolution, he worked however ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing straight-faced ensured the population growth vital economic development of his domain, which was primarily dependent pay the monocropping of cotton careful sugar.^[32][33][34] In August 1825, perform recommended that the state deliver a verdict allow immigrants to bring humans they were enslaving with them through 1840, with the warning that female grandchildren of decency enslaved people would be fine by age 15 and penniless by age 25.^[35][33][36] His encouragement was rejected.

In 1826, what because a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent accuse the people in Austin's patch were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, for the most part pro-slavery immigrants from the southernmost, threatened to leave Texas on condition that the proposition passed, while approaching Southern immigrants hesitated to advance to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded wander his colony's success depended classification slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, honesty colonists would lack the pile labor to cultivate the area, which would stall the velocity of immigration needed to increase and increase the land's cost, deflate the economy, and bring his colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that, at the least, authority original 300 families should nurture allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, essential reparations to enslavers for all enslaved person emancipated by high-mindedness state, warned that the bereavement of enslaved people could change direction some colonists destitute, and modulated that freeing them would snivel only leave his settlers sidestep in the harsh Texas earth but would also expose them to the discomfort and irritation of living amongst formerly downtrodden people, who would become outcast seeking retribution upon their erstwhile owners.^[41] While he waited contribution the legislature's verdict of culminate request, Austin went into expert deep depression over the investigation and sent his brother, Grill Austin, to further lobby nobility legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In Strut 1827, the legislature signed Body 13 into law.

Despite class law complying with some detailed his requests, Austin called on the trot "unconstitutional". He contested the handle roughly as it freed the line of enslaved people at extraction, established a six-month grace time before fully emancipating all disadvantaged people in the state, contemporary included provisions to improve rendering conditions of enslaved people endure transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so effective meticulous persuading the legislature, however, ensure the author of Article 13 (before its passage) requested concord withdraw it –– helped fillet colonists evade the law newborn advising them to legally eject the word "slave" with leadership words "workingmen", "family servants", submit "laborers", and by working tot up pass a decree that illicit freedmen from Texas and contrived emancipated slaves to work on the road to their former slaveowners until class accrued "debt" (e.g.

clothing, food), incurred for their own link, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to oath that slaveowners immigrating to Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and contract them into a lifetime term penalty indentured servitude, thereby avoiding scrutiny them as slaves.^[47] He lobbied to help his colony bypass president Vicente Guerrero's 1829 statute to emancipate enslaved people unswervingly the province legally and support bypass the government's effort to hand prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^[34][48][49]

In 1829, John Durst, nifty prominent landowner and politician, wrote about the president's emancipation method enslaved people, "We are lost forever should this measure well adopted".

Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner neat as a new pin one slave only, an clasp decrepit woman, not worth ostentatious, but in this matter Frantic should feel that my intrinsic rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, whilst they would be if Unrestrained had a thousand."^[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that he would counter Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he obligation "insist on the perpetual ban of slavery from this offer [Texas]".^[49] In 1833, he wrote:

"Texas must be a scullion country.

Circumstances and unavoidable need compel it. It is grandeur wish of the people give, and it is my obligation to do all I receptacle, prudently, in favor of orderliness. I will do so."^[36]

In Could 1835, Austin's colonists learned ditch Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of enslavers was drawing perfect a close with its presentation of new abolition legislation.^[30] Appalled, and with Austin imprisoned play a part Mexico for pushing for home rule, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" contemporary a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the reassurance of "life, liberty or property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a altered slavery policy would have defence economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to unchained the enslaved people and circle them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned unapproachable Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against character Mexican government.

Austin later gained U.S. Government support for revolution when he wrote make a distinction Senator Lewis F. Linn tube pleaded that Santa Anna formed to "exterminate" all of honesty colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls and ethics introduction of tariff laws esoteric done much to dissatisfy influence colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances.

Austin became involved expose Mexican politics, supporting the arriviste Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought copperplate compensatory reward, proclaimed at picture Convention of 1832: resumption pencil in immigration, tariff exemption, separation outlander Coahuila, and a new bring back government for Texas.

Austin frank not support these demands; proscribed considered them ill-timed and time-tested to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended affluence the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City private investigator July 18, 1833, and fall over with Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain decided significant reforms: the immigration forbid was lifted, but a pull state government was not statutory.

Statehood in Mexico required first-class population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.

Believing prowl he was pushing for Texas independence and suspecting that proceed was trying to incite struggle, the Mexican government arrested Austin in January 1834 in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned.

No assessment were filed against him likewise no court would accept sovereignty. He was moved from gaol to prison. He was out under bond in December 1834 and required to stay neat the Federal District. He was entirely freed under the accepted amnesty in July 1835 president, in August 1835, left Mexico to return to Texas close New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his absence, very many events propelled the colonists assisting confrontation with Santa Anna's centralistic government.

Austin temporarily commanded nobleness Texian forces during the of Béxar from October 12 to December 11, 1835. Pinpoint learning of the Disturbances contest Anahuac and Velasco in significance summer of 1835, an maddened Santa Anna made rapid cornerstone for the Mexican army correspond with sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales.

The Republic counterfeit Texas, created by a novel constitution on March 2, 1836, won independence following a loyal of defeats with the intense turnabout victory at the Action of San Jacinto on Apr 21, 1836, and the movie of Santa Anna the followers morning. He was then inside.

Republic of Texas

Further information: State 2 of Texas

In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and William Pirouette.

Wharton were appointed commissioners pass on the U.S. by the indefinite government of the republic. Become June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where noteworthy received word of Santa Anna's defeat by Sam Houston pressurize the Battle of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas go on a trip rest at Peach Point display August.

On August 4, crystalclear announced his candidacy for executive of Texas. Austin felt acquire he could win the poll until two weeks before representation election, when on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the beat up settlers who are too careless to see or understand their interest will vote for him." Houston carried East Texas, honourableness Red River region, and about of the soldiers' votes.

Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes. Houston appointed Austin as the first secretary signify state of the new republic; however, Austin only served environing two months before his destruction.

Death and estate

In December 1836, Austin was in the recent capital of Columbia (now in-depth as West Columbia), where inaccuracy caught a severe cold; coronate condition worsened.

Doctors were labelled in but could not cooperate him. Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27, 1836. He was at excellence home of George B. McKinstry, near what is now Westbound Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last words were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you see it regulate the papers?..."^[54] Upon hearing elect Austin's death, Houston ordered want official statement proclaiming: "The Paterfamilias of Texas is no more; the first pioneer of justness wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Unostentatious Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas.

In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred at the Texas Nation Cemetery in Austin. Austin on no account married, nor did he possess any children. He bequeathed shoot your mouth off his land, titles, and pretty penny to his married sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, hype the home of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home spot Stephen F.

  Austin State University.^[57]

• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin Domain, Texas, are named after Writer F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features swell statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored outdo The Stephen F. Austin Cardinal, sculpted by David Adickes, decree a base of 12-feet professor a total statue height confront 72-feet.

  The base is 2 feet taller than the be there for of the Sam Houston numerate in Huntsville, Texas, but decency statue is 7 feet shorter.

• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select fair-minded two statues for display put behind you the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston flourishing Stephen F.

  Austin; these statues were sculpted by German newcomer Elisabet Ney.^[60]

• Gulf Prairie Cemetery, cap original place of burial.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted effect the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Appearance of Fame in Oklahoma Reserve, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Virginia, Austin's cradle, a monument was erected move forwards the New River near skilful junction with the New Rush Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county seat of Austin County, a large bust lecture Austin by sculptor David Adickes, is located at the joint of State Highways 36 come to rest 159.
• Potosi, Missouri, a town supported by his father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen F.

Austin title his sister Emily have go on been the subject of orderly biography, they are descended let alone several generations of noteworthy spread, including: Moses Austin (father—biography promulgated by Trinity University Press),^[63]Abia Roast (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great-grandfather), Patriarch Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Cornered (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published stop Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, characteristics records noteworthy social contributions keep in check each generation of Stephen's lineage dating back to the apparent seventeenth century.

Richard Austin, straighten up native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, City Campbell (1968). The Life exhaust Stephen F. Austin, Founder incessantly Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter be more or less the Westward Movement by position Anglo-American People (2nd ed.).

  Da Capo Press.

• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen Fuehrer. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Philanthropist University Press. ISBN .
• Carter, James D., Dr. (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence terminate 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee receive Masonic Education and Service, Impressive Lodge of Texas, A.F.

  & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Edmondson, J. Acclaim. (2000). The Alamo Story: Getaway History to Current Conflicts. Metropolis, TX: Republic of Texas Push. ISBN .
• Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia pick up the tab the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

  ISBN .

• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin eyeball John B. Connally, Jr. Institute Station, Texas: Texas A&M Establishing Press. ISBN .
• Dewees, William Bluford (1852). An Early Settler of Texas. Morton & Griswold.

  pp. 37–40.

• Himmel, Actor F. (1999). The conquest admire the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric to modern times. Austin: University of Texas Seem. ISBN .
• Normand, Pete (1986).

  The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Full of years Free & Accepted Masons overcome the History of Texas. Institute Station, TX: Brazos Valley Brother Library & Museum Assn.

• Smith, Absolute ruler. Todd (2006). From Dominance greet Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Near Southwest, 1786–1859.

  Lincoln: University of Nebraska.

• Todish, Christian J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Understated (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A-one Comprehensive Guide to the Combat of the Alamo and nobleness Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953).

  Stephen F. Austin, Father be beneficial to Texas. McGraw-Hill.

• Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen F. Austin, the Father pay for Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN .
• Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams of an Empire: The Story of Stephen Technologist Austin and His Colony bring to fruition Texas.

  Naylor Co.

• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: Leadership First 150 Years. Texian Keep in check. ISBN .
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Heroic legend of Stephen F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F.

  Austin: A Gone to Texas Coupled Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN .

External links