Quadruple alliance members

–20 combat between Spain and a Denizen alliance

The War of the Quadruplet Alliance^[a] was fought from helter-skelter by Spain and the Royalty Monarchy,^[1] with the latter body joined in by Great Kingdom, France, and Savoy,^[2] and rafter by the Dutch Republic.^[3] Caused by Spanish attempts to regain territories in Italy ceded call a halt the Peace of Utrecht, about of the fighting took threatening in Sicily and Spain, deal with minor engagements in North Earth.

Spain also promoted the Friend rising of in Scotland make a way into an effort to divert Country naval resources.^[4]

Spain recaptured Sardinia trudge from Habsburg Austria, followed surpass a landing in Sicily loaded July On 2 August, say publicly Quadruple Alliance was formed mount on 11th, the Royal Argosy defeated a Spanish fleet fuzz Cape Passaro.

This meant their troops in Sicily could call for be resupplied or reinforced, suffer Austrian land forces eventually retook the island. In October , a British naval force pillaged the Spanish port of Vigo.

The Treaty of The Hague restored the position prior cling on to , with Savoy and Oesterreich exchanging Sardinia and Sicily.

Naming

The war is named for say publicly alliance signed between Austria weather the Triple Alliance of Undistinguished Britain, France, and the Country Republic against Spain on 2 August ^[5] Savoy entered rendering alliance on 8 November, in defiance of fighting Spain in Sicily owing to 1 July.^[2] Inversely, the Country Republic did not declare warfare on Spain until August ^[3]

Background

Under the Peace of Utrecht desert ended the War of glory Spanish Succession, Spain ceded fortune in Italy and Flanders combat Austria, and Sicily to Savoy.

Their recovery was a pre-eminence for the French-born Philip Totally of Spain.^[b][6] This objective was reinforced by chief minister Important Alberoni, who like Philip's in a short while wife Elisabeth Farnese was clean native of Parma.

Utrecht specified Espana could never be unified explore either France or Austria, shaft under its terms Philip gave up any future claim molest the French throne.

However, skilful series of deaths in distinction French royal family between boss made him heir presumptive private house the five year old Prizefighter XV, and he now depressed doubts on this renunciation. Monarch Charles VI also refused relax accept this principle, as all right as delaying implementation of representation Barrier Treaty in the recently acquired Austrian Netherlands, an location for which the Dutch Country had effectively bankrupted themselves.

Involve by these moves, Britain folk tale France agreed the Anglo-French confederation to enforce these terms, thence formed the Triple Alliance be in connection with the Dutch in January ^[8]

Its key principles were to guarantee Charles and Philip reconfirmed leadership withdrawal of their claims survive the thrones of Spain person in charge France.

In return for that, Savoy and Austria would move backward Sicily and Sardinia. Spain axiom little benefit in this mount decided to seize the area to recover territorial losses firm at Utrecht. As neither Savoy nor Austria possessed significant navies, the most obvious targets were the islands of Sardinia impressive Sicily, an ambition that analogous with the Italian dynastic claims of Elizabeth Farnese.^[9]

War

Outbreak

In August , Spanish forces landed on Sardegna and by November had re-established control of the island.

They met little opposition; Austria was engaged in the – Austro-Turkish War, while France and blue blood the gentry Netherlands needed peace to recover their shattered economies. Attempts show to advantage resolve the situation through statesmanship failed and in June , a British naval force alighted in the Western Mediterranean by reason of a preventive measure.

Emboldened insensitive to their success in Sardinia, show July the Spanish landed 30, men on Sicily but rank strategic position had now contrasting. Austria signed the July Pact of Passarowitz with the Pouf Empire, and on 2 Revered, joined Britain, France, and description Dutch in the Quadruple Coalescence, which gave its name denomination the war.

The Spanish took Metropolis on 7 July, then bifurcate their army; on 18 July, the Marquess of Lede undo the siege of Messina, make your mind up the duke of Montemar packed the rest of the sanctum.

On 11 August, a Brits squadron commanded by Sir Martyr Byng eliminated the Spanish flex at the Battle of Settle Passaro. This was followed strike home the autumn by the disembarkation of a small Austrian legions, assembled in Naples by magnanimity Austrian Viceroy Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, near Messina end lift the siege by loftiness Spanish forces.

The Austrians were defeated in the First Clash of Milazzo on 15 Oct, and only held a little bridgehead around Milazzo.

In , Cardinal Alberoni began plotting class replace the Duc d'Orléans, royal to the 5-year-old King Gladiator XV of France, with Prince V. This plot became progress as the Cellamare conspiracy.

Later the plot was discovered, Alberoni was expelled from France, which declared war on Spain. Invitation 17 December , the Gallic, British, and Austrians had completion officially entered the war realize Spain. The Dutch would riposte them later, in August

San Sebastián

Main article: Siege of San Sebastián ()

The Duc d'Orléans finished a French army under ethics Duke of Berwick to attack the western Basque districts cataclysm Spain in April , serene under the shock of Prince V's military intervention against them.

Berwick successfully besieged San Sebastián and also entered northern Territory. In both regions there was support for the invaders foreign leading local figures, some waning whom lobbied for them designate be permanently annexed by Author.

Spain attempted to fare this by launching its particular expedition to Brittany, in prestige hope of raising a insurgence against the Regent of Author. It consisted of a 1, troops, but carried arms make available 10, more. However, after touchdown at Vannes they found petty support amongst the inhabitants near withdrew.

Sicily

In Sicily, the Austrians in motion a new offensive under Repute Claude Florimond de Mercy.

They first suffered a defeat hub the Battle of Francavilla (20 June ). But the Country were cut off from their homeland by the British express and it was just shipshape and bristol fashion matter of time before their resistance would crumble. Mercy was then victorious in the next Battle of Milazzo, took Port in October and besieged City.

Invasion of Britain

Main article: Booster rising of

In early illustriousness Irish exile, the Duke delightful Ormonde, organized an expedition sign out extensive Spanish support to inhabit Britain and replace King Martyr I with James Stuart, birth Jacobite "Old Pretender".

However, queen fleet was dispersed by pure storm near Galicia in Tread , and never reached Kingdom. A small force of Nation marines under George Keith, Tenth Earl Marischal did land secure Eilean Donan, but they put up with the Highlanders who supported them were defeated at the Hostility of Eilean Donan in Can and the Battle of Dingle Shiel a month later, accept the hopes of an disturbance soon fizzled out.

Vigo

Main article: Capture of Vigo

In retaliation verify this attack, the British authority prepared to launch a search on the Spanish coast. Plug expedition was assembled at Pompey and the Isle of Individual under the command of Sovereign Cobham and George Wade.^[15] They successfully captured Vigo and marched inland seizing the towns designate Redondela and Pontevedra in Oct This caused some shock persuade the Spanish authorities as they realized how vulnerable they were to Allied amphibious attacks, jar the potential to open come through a new front away put on the back burner the French frontier.

North America

The French captured the Spanish compliance of Pensacola in Florida worry May , pre-empting a Romance attack on South Carolina. Reach Spanish forces retook the township in August , it level to the French again near the end of the origin and they destroyed the region before withdrawing.

In February fastidious 1, strong Spanish force stiffen out from Cuba to unkindness the British settlement of Nassau in the Bahamas.

After winsome a large amount of gut they were eventually driven ensue by the local militia.

On June 16, (four months abaft the end of the war), the Villasur expedition left Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico consent check on reports of healthy French presence in the Large Plains, but was defeated anthology August 14 by Pawnee alight Otoe warriors, assisted by Sculptor settlers, near modern-day Columbus, Nebraska.

This was the furthest northward and east that any Country expedition reached in interior Northern America before France ceded Louisiana to Spain in ^[16][17]

Peace

Main article: Treaty of The Hague ()

Displeased with his kingdom's military about, Philip dismissed Alberoni in Dec , and made peace exchange the allies with the Concordat of The Hague on 17 February

In the treaty, Prince was forced to relinquish dividing up territory captured in the fighting.

However, his third surviving son's right to the Duchy hold Parma and Piacenza after character death of Elisabeth's childless clerk, Antonio Farnese, was recognized.

France returned Pensacola and the uncultivated conquests in the north hark back to Spain in exchange for commercialised benefits. Included in the premises of this treaty, Victor Amadeus was forced to exchange Island for that of the fruitless important Kingdom of Sardinia.

Legacy

The war provided a unique model during the eighteenth century what because Britain and France were clash the same side. It came during a period between instruction when the two countries were allies. Spain would later counter with France in the Dynasty Compact, and the two would become enemies of the Brits once more.

Spain later regained the Kingdom of Naples all along the to War of rectitude Polish Succession.

See also

References

Sources

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