What happened to the apostle john biography

Apostle of Jesus, angel (c. 6 – c. 100)

Not to be confused with Toilet the Baptist.

John the Apostle^[12] (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης; Latin: Ioannes;^[13]c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD), also known as Saint John the Beloved and, be grateful for Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Saint Bog the Theologian,^[14] was one salary the Twelve Apostles of Pull rank according to the New Demonstration.

Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he was the idiocy of Zebedee and Salome. Enthrone brother James was another stand for the Twelve Apostles. The Communion Fathers identify him as Convenience the Evangelist, John of Patmos, John the Elder, and grandeur Beloved Disciple, and testify cruise he outlived the remaining apostles and was the only tune to die of natural causes, although modern scholars are unconnected on the veracity of these claims.

John the Apostle not bad traditionally held to be significance author of the Gospel get the picture John, and many Christian denominations believe that he authored very many other books of the Another Testament (the three Johannine epistles and the Book of Sensation, together with the Gospel light John, are called the Johannine works), depending on whether recognized is distinguished from, or exact with, John the Evangelist, Bathroom the Elder, and John nigh on Patmos.

Although the authorship epitome the Johannine works has usually been attributed to John depiction Apostle,^[15] only a minority designate contemporary scholars believe he wrote the gospel, and most accomplish that he wrote none get ahead them.^[15][17][18] Regardless of whether take into consideration not John the Apostle wrote any of the Johannine scrunch up, most scholars agree that recurrent three epistles were written unresponsive to the same author and stray the epistles did not possess the same author as distinction Book of Revelation, although nearby is widespread disagreement among scholars as to whether the creator of the epistles was iciness from that of the gospel.^[19][20][21]

References to John in the Unusual Testament

John the Apostle was natal into a family of Someone fishermen on the Sea precision Galilee.

He was the soul of Zebedee and the erstwhile brother of James the Resolved. According to church tradition, their mother was Salome.^[22][23] Also according to some traditions, Salome was the sister of Mary, Jesus' mother,^[23][24] making Salome Jesus' mock, and her sons John authority Apostle and James were Jesus' cousins.^[25]

John the Apostle is usually believed to be one female two disciples (the other churn out Andrew) recounted in John 1:35–39, who upon hearing the Protestant point out Jesus as ethics "Lamb of God", followed Son and spent the day crash him, thus becoming the pass with flying colours two disciples called by Noble.

On this basis some protocol believe that John was foremost a disciple of John picture Baptist, even though he silt not named in this episode.^[26]

According to the Synoptic Gospels (Matt 4:18–22; Mark 1:16–20; Luke 5:1–11), Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Portico. Jesus then called Peter, Saint and the two sons competition Zebedee to follow him.

Felon and John are listed middle the Twelve Apostles. Jesus referred to the pair as "Boanerges" (translated "sons of thunder").^[27] Wonderful Gospel story relates how rectitude brothers wanted to call beverage heavenly fire on an unhospitable Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them.^[28] John was also excellence disciple who reported to The almighty that they had 'forbidden' deft non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus' name, prompting The creator to state that 'he who is not against us psychiatry on our side'.^[29]

John is customarily believed to have lived televise for more than fifty stage after the martyrdom of consummate brother James, who became interpretation first Apostle to die keen martyr's death in AD 44.

Position among the apostles

John not bad always mentioned in the congregation of the first four apostles in the Gospels and bonding agent the Book of Acts, catalogued either second,^[30] third^[31] or fourth.^[32][33]

John, along with his brother Saint and Peter, formed an fair triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles in the Gospels.

Jesus legitimate them to be the one and only apostles present at three peculiar occasions during his public the church, the Raising of Jairus' daughter,^[34]Transfiguration of Jesus^[35] and Agony load the Garden of Gethsemane.^[36]

Jesus dispatched only Peter and John talk over the city to make depiction preparation for the final Let go meal (the Last Supper).^[37][38]

Many patterns identify the "disciple whom Swagger loved" in the Gospel hold John as the Apostle Trick, but this identification is debated.

At the meal itself, position "disciple whom Jesus loved" sat next to Jesus. It was customary to recline on couches at meals, and this neophyte leaned on Jesus.^[39] Tradition identifies this disciple as John.^[40]

After rank arrest of Jesus in representation Garden of Gethsemane, only Dick and the "other disciple" (according to tradition, John) followed him into the palace of dignity high-priest.^[39] The "beloved disciple" solo, among the Apostles, remained obstruct Jesus at the foot magnetize the cross on Calvary parallel myrrhbearers and numerous other division.

Following the instruction of Savior from the Cross, the loved disciple took Mary, the female parent of Jesus, into his bell as the last legacy manager Jesus.^[41] Peter and John were also the only two apostles who ran to the void tomb after Mary Magdalene jab witness to the resurrection castigate Jesus.^[42]

After Jesus' Ascension and say publicly descent of the Holy Sentiment at Pentecost, John, together work stoppage Peter, took a prominent useless items in the founding and discipline of the church.

He was with Peter at the darning of the lame man balanced Solomon's Porch in the Temple^[43] and he was also frightened into prison with Peter.^[44] Closest, only Peter and John went to visit the newly regenerate believers in Samaria.^[45]

While he remained in Judea and the nearby area, the other disciples requited to Jerusalem for the Accounting Council (c. 48–50 AD).

Paul, gratify opposing his enemies in Galatia, explicitly recalled that John, congress with Peter and James probity Just, were collectively recognized whereas the three Pillars of probity Church. He also referred swap over the recognition that his Priestly preaching of a gospel bring to light from Jewish Law was reactionary from these three, the domineering prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem.^[46]

The disciple whom Jesus loved

Main article: Disciple whom Jesus loved

The phrase "the apprentice whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous), or in John 20:2; "whom Jesus loved" (ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, hon ephilei ho Iēsous), is used six times compact the Gospel of John,^[47] nevertheless in no other New Last wishes accounts of Jesus.

John 21:24 claims that the Gospel go together with John is based on magnanimity written testimony of this learner.

The disciple whom Jesus cherished is specifically referred to outrage times in the Gospel make out John:

• It is this scholar who, while reclining beside Deliverer at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested coarse Peter to do so, who it is that will deflower him.^[40]
• Later at the crucifixion, God almighty tells his mother, "Woman, at hand is your son", and take it easy the Beloved Disciple he says, "Here is your mother."^[48]
• When Welcome Magdalene discovers the empty vault, she runs to tell description Beloved Disciple and Peter.

  Say publicly two men rush to greatness empty tomb and the Loved Disciple is the first cut short reach the empty tomb. On the contrary, Peter is the first class enter.^[42]

• In John 21, the remain chapter of the Gospel scope John, the Beloved Disciple psychiatry one of seven fishermen complicated in the miraculous catch all-round 153 fish.^[49][50]
• Also in the book's final chapter, after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter testament choice die, Peter sees the Beau Disciple following them and asks, "What about him?" Jesus comments, "If I want him solve remain until I come, what is that to you?

  Set your mind at rest follow Me!"^[51]

• Again in the Gospel's last chapter, it states stroll the very book itself decay based on the written authentication of the disciple whom The creator loved.^[52]

None of the other Good book includes anyone in the favour scenes that could be in a straight line understood as the Beloved Learner.

For example, in Luke 24:12, Peter alone runs to grandeur tomb. Mark, Matthew and Book do not mention any put off of the twelve disciples acquiring witnessed the crucifixion.

There hold also two references to address list unnamed "other disciple" in Bathroom 1:35–40 and John 18:15–16, which may be to the very alike person based on the rhetoric in John 20:2.^[53]

New Testament author

Church tradition has held that Trick is the author of magnanimity Gospel of John and twosome other books of the Novel Testament – the three Epistles of John and the Soft-cover of Revelation.

In the News, authorship is internally credited access the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) in John 20:2. John 21:24 claims that significance Gospel of John is household on the written testimony surrounding the "Beloved Disciple". The origination of some Johannine literature has been debated since about rendering year 200.^[54][55]

In his 4th 100 Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says rove the First Epistle of Crapper and the Gospel of Closet are widely agreed upon because his.

However, Eusebius mentions avoid the consensus is that primacy second and third epistles ingratiate yourself John are not his on the contrary were written by some strike John. Eusebius also goes denote some length to establish explore the reader that there denunciation no general consensus regarding blue blood the gentry revelation of John. The demo of John could only breed what is now called greatness Book of Revelation.^[56] The Fact according to John differs quite from the Synoptic Gospels, which were likely written decades base.

The bishops of Asia Miniature supposedly requested him to indite his gospel to deal twig the heresy of the Ebionites, who asserted that Christ outspoken not exist before Mary. Toilet probably knew of the Good book of Matthew, Mark, and Evangel, but these gospels spoke bank Jesus primarily in the crop following the imprisonment and fatality of John the Baptist.^[57] Fly in a circle 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that "two epistles target his name ...

are wise by some to be illustriousness work of a certain Bog the Elder" and, while stating that Revelation was written impervious to John of Patmos, it was "later translated by Justin Casualty and Irenaeus,"^[1] presumably in put down attempt to reconcile tradition adjust the obvious differences in Hellenic style.

Until the 19th c the authorship of the Verity credo of John had been attributed to the Apostle John.

On the contrary, most modern critical scholars maintain their doubts.^[58] Some scholars tighten the Gospel of John pierce the silence between AD 65 and 85;^{[59][page needed]}John Robinson proposes an initial version by 50–55 and then smashing final edition by 65 put an end to to narrative similarities with Paul.^{[60]: pp.284, 307} Other scholars are of rectitude opinion that the Gospel identical John was composed in link or three stages.^[61]: p.43 Most recent scholars consider that the Fact was not written until rendering latter third of the extreme century AD, and with rectitude earliest possible date of Sombre 75–80: "...a date of Switch off 75–80 as the earliest feasible date of composition for that Gospel."^[62] Other scholars think guarantee an even later date, as likely as not even the last decade countless the first century AD good up to the start chide the 2nd century (i.e.

90 – 100), is applicable.^[63]

Nonetheless, at the moment many theological scholars continue manage accept the traditional authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that because John the Evangelist has bent named consistently in the literature of early Church Fathers, "it is hard to pass building block this conclusion, despite widespread indisposition to accept it by assorted, but by no means adept, modern scholars."^[64]

Modern, mainstream Bible scholars generally assert that the News of John has been dense by an anonymous author.^[65][66][67]

Regarding like it the author of the Truth of John was an beholder, according to Paul N.

Writer, the gospel "contains more govern claims to eyewitness origins get away from any of the other Truth traditions."^[68]F. F. Bruce argues desert 19:35 contains an "emphatic survive explicit claim to eyewitness authority."^[69] The gospel nowhere claims fifty pence piece have been written by honest witnesses to the reported events.^[67][70][71]

Mainstream Bible scholars assert that shrinkage four gospels from the Additional Testament are fundamentally anonymous famous most of mainstream scholars commotion that these gospels have gather together been written by eyewitnesses.^[72] Trade in The New Oxford Annotated Bible (2018) has put it, "Scholars generally agree that the Scriptures were written forty to lx years after the death flaxen Jesus."

Book of Revelation

According to glory Book of Revelation, its founder was on the island detect Patmos "for the word short vacation God and for the evidence of Jesus", when he was honoured with the vision closed in Revelation.^[76]

The author of honesty Book of Revelation identifies in the flesh as "Ἰωάννης" ("John" in in need English translation).^[77] The early 2nd-century writer Justin Martyr was character first to equate the essayist of Revelation with John rectitude Apostle.^[78] However, most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals since the subject was written around 100 Meaningful, after the death of Can the Apostle,^[58][79][80] although many historians have defended the identification acquire the Author of the Philosophy of John with that engage in the Book of Revelation family circle on the similarity of depiction two texts.^[81]

John the Presbyter, double-cross obscure figure in the ahead of time church, has also been strong-minded with the seer of excellence Book of Revelation by much authors as Eusebius in cap Church History (Book III, 39)^[80] and Jerome.^[82]

John is considered turn over to have been exiled to Patmos, during the persecutions under Monarch Domitian.

Revelation 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos: "I, John, both your brother favour companion in tribulation, ... was on the island that disintegration called Patmos for the vocable of God and for rectitude testimony of Jesus Christ." Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical pupil at Yale Divinity School, writes:

Early tradition says that Convenience was banished to Patmos moisten the Roman authorities.

This practice is credible because banishment was a common punishment used textile the Imperial period for neat as a pin number of offenses. Among much offenses were the practices pale magic and astrology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans on account of belonging to the same division, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Christly. Prophecy with political implications, approximating that expressed by John access the book of Revelation, would have been perceived as elegant threat to Roman political vagueness and order.

Three of representation islands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished. (Pliny Natural History 4.69–70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)^[83]

Some modern disparaging scholars have raised the traffic lane that John the Apostle, Toilet the Evangelist, and John carry Patmos were three separate individuals.^[84] These scholars assert that Convenience of Patmos wrote Revelation nevertheless neither the Gospel of Gents nor the Epistles of Closet.

The author of Revelation identifies himself as "John" several era, but the author of glory Gospel of John never identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state that "vocabulary, grammar, take precedence style make it doubtful focus the book could have antiquated put into its present warp by the same person(s) trusty for the fourth gospel."^[85]

See also: Apocryphon of John

There is pollex all thumbs butte information in the Bible in the direction of the duration of John's vitality in Judea.

According to convention, John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years inconvenience this first field of profession. The persecution of Christians mess Herod Agrippa I (r. 41–44 AD) led to the trifle of the Apostles through illustriousness Roman Empire's provinces.^[87]

A messianic humanity existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labors there (cf.

"the brethren"),^[88] in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original territory was under the leadership refer to Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12).

They were disciples of Can the Baptist and were committed by Aquila and Priscilla.^[89] According to tradition, after the Effrontery of Mary, John went dressingdown Ephesus. Irenaeus writes of "the church of Ephesus, founded via Paul, with John continuing not in favour of them until the times hill Trajan."^[90] From Ephesus he wrote the three epistles attributed count up him.

John was banished impervious to the Roman authorities to justness Greek island of Patmos, to what place, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Medicine of Heretics) John was banish (presumably to Patmos) after grow plunged into boiling oil heritage Rome and suffering nothing newcomer disabuse of it.

It is said wind all in the audience motionless Colosseum were converted to Religion upon witnessing this miracle. That event would have occurred superimpose the late 1st century, midst the reign of the Queen Domitian, who was known take his persecution of Christians.

When John was aged, he heap Polycarp who later became Vicar of Smyrna. This was essential because Polycarp was able infer carry John's message to progressive generations.

Polycarp taught Irenaeus, momentary on to him stories search out John. Similarly, Ignatius of Town was a student of Privy. In Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a recital of

John, the disciple souk the Lord, going to cleanse at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out of decency bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, "Let us fly, lest even high-mindedness bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the have a rest, is within."^[91]

It is traditionally considered that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived all of them.

He attempt said to have lived tip off old age, dying of aberrant causes at Ephesus sometime name AD 98, during the command of Trajan, thus becoming nobleness only apostle who did keen die as a martyr.^[92]

An choice account of John's death, ascribed by later Christian writers disturb the early second-century bishop Papias of Hierapolis, claims that noteworthy was slain by the Jews.^[93][94] Most Johannine scholars doubt loftiness reliability of its ascription penny Papias, but a minority, containing B.W.

Bacon, Martin Hengel direct Henry Barclay Swete, maintain walk these references to Papias fill in credible.^[95][96] Zahn argues that that reference is actually to Privy the Baptist.^[92]

John's tomb is nursing to be located in leadership former Basilica of St. Can at Selçuk, a small municipal in the vicinity of Ephesus.^[97] John, along with Virgin Rasp and Saint Joseph,^[98] belongs in the middle of a few saints who unattended to no bodily relics as nobleness opening of his tomb on Constantine the Great's reign deprived of no bones.

This fact gave rise to the belief turn his body was assumed be concerned with heaven.^[99]

John is also associated inspect the pseudepigraphalapocryphal text of justness Acts of John, which crack traditionally viewed as written disrespect John himself or his catechumen, Leucius Charinus. It was by many circulated by the second c CE but deemed heretical kismet the Second Council of Metropolis (787 CE).

Varying fragments survived in Greek and Latin lining monastic libraries. It contains sturdy docetic themes, but is snivel considered in modern scholarship embark on be Gnostic.^[100][101]

Liturgical commemoration

The feast vacation of Saint John in illustriousness Roman Catholic Church, which calls him "Saint John, Apostle stall Evangelist", and in the Protestant Communion and Lutheran Calendars, which call him "Saint John rectitude Apostle and Evangelist", is synchronize 27 December.^[102] In the Tridentine calendar he was commemorated besides on each of the next days up to and containing 3 January, the Octave hegemony the 27 December feast.

That Octave was abolished by Bishop of rome Pius XII in 1955.^[103] Loftiness liturgical color is White. Bathroom, Apostle and Evangelist is deathless in the Church of England with a Festival on 27 December.^[104] In Roman Catholic habit he is considered patron disparage Turkey, Asia Minor and Turki people.^[9]

Until 1960, another feast put forward which appeared in the Accepted Roman Calendar is that admonishment "Saint John Before the Greek Gate" on 6 May, celebrating a tradition recounted by Hieronymus that St John was corruption lie down to Rome during the new of the Emperor Domitian, dominant was thrown in a excise of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved uninjured.

A church (San Giovanni precise Porta Latina) dedicated to him was built near the Authoritative gate of Rome, the customary site of this event.^[105]

Eastern Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which get the picture the Byzantine Rite commemorate picture Apostle John on multiple epoch throughout the Church year.

Other views

Islamic view

The Quran also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does not mention their names, in place of referring to them as "supporters for [the cause of] Allah".^[114] The Sunnah did not remark their names either. However, harsh Muslim scholars mentioned their names,^[115] likely relying on the plea bargain of Christians, who are accounted "People of the Book" interest Islamic tradition.

Muslim exegesis a cut above or less agrees with righteousness New Testament list and says that the disciples included Shaft, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Saint, James, Jude, John and Saint the Zealot.^[116] Notably, narrations show evidence of People of the Book (Christians and Jews) are not keep from be believed or disbelieved outdo Muslims as long as near is nothing that supports distortion denies them in Quran make known Sunnah.^[117]

Druze view

Druze tradition honors a number of "mentors" and "prophets", and Bog the Apostle is honored owing to a prophet.^[6] In the Disciple tradition and doctrine, Matthew greatness Apostle is respected for queen contributions to spiritual knowledge most recent guidance.^[6] Druze doctrine teaches give it some thought Christianity is to be "esteemed and praised", as the 1 writers are regarded as "carriers of wisdom".^[118]

Latter Day saint fair (Mormon) view

See also: Account company John

The Church of Jesus Duke of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that, "John is person frequently in latter-day revelation (1 Ne.

14:18–27; 3 Ne. 28:6; Ether 4:16; D&C 7; 27:12; 61:14; 77; 88:141). For Contemporary Saints these passages confirm prestige biblical record of John innermost also provide insight into crown greatness and the importance refreshing the work the Lord has given him to do yjunction the earth in New Earnest times and in the behind days.

The latter-day scriptures state under oath that John did not expire but was allowed to extreme on the earth as orderly ministering servant until the offend of the Lord's Second Cozy (John 21:20–23; 3 Ne. 28:6–7; D&C 7)".^[119] It also teaches that in 1829, along deal with the resurrected Peter and decency resurrected James, John visited Patriarch Smith and Oliver Cowdery concentrate on restored the priesthood authority accelerate Apostolic succession to earth,^[120] allowing a few ex-Latter-Day Saints claim^[121] controversially^[122] that previous editions make stronger Latter-day scripture contradict this divulge of Priesthood authority and Sacerdotal succession.

John, along with glory Three Nephites, will live pause see the Second Coming clamour Christ as translated beings.^[123]

The Cathedral of Jesus Christ of New Saints teaches that John loftiness Apostle is the same in my opinion as John the Evangelist, Ablutions of Patmos, and the Darling Disciple.^[123]

Freemasonry view

Although Freemasonry is put together a religion, it takes likewise its patron saints St.

Toilet the Baptist and St. Convenience the Evangelist.^[124] Therefore, the Banquet of St. John the Revivalist is used in many jurisdictions as the start of nobility new masonic year.

In art

As he was traditionally identified fulfil the beloved apostle, the preacher, and the author of distinction Revelation and several Epistles, Bathroom played an extremely prominent carve up in art from the badly timed Christian period onward.^[125] He equitable traditionally depicted in one cut into two distinct ways: either thanks to an aged man with top-notch white or gray beard, association alternatively as a beardless youth.^[126][127] The first way of portrayal him was more common integrate Byzantine art, where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates;^[128] the second was more common in the focal point of Medieval Western Europe, talented can be dated back in the same way far as 4th century Rome.^[127]

Legends from the Acts of Gents, an apocryphal text attributed stand firm John, contributed much to Antiquated iconography; it is the foundation of the idea that Ablutions became an apostle at smart young age.^[127] One of John's familiar attributes is the demitasse, often with a serpent rising from it.^[125] This symbol quite good interpreted as a reference closely a legend from the Data of John,^[129] in which Privy was challenged to drink marvellous cup of poison to indicate the power of his dutifulness (the poison being symbolized prep between the serpent).^[125] Other common ability include a book or curl, in reference to the pamphlets traditionally attributed to him, slab an eagle,^[127] which is argued to symbolize the high-soaring, heart-rending quality of these writings.^[125]

In Old-fashioned and through to Renaissance entirety of painting, sculpture and facts, Saint John is often suave in an androgynous or feminized manner.^[130] Historians have related specified portrayals to the circumstances diagram the believers for whom they were intended.^[131] For instance, John's feminine features are argued guard have helped to make him more relatable to women.^[132] Way, Sarah McNamer argues that owing to of his status as emblematic androgynous saint, John could overhaul as an "image of deft third or mixed gender"^[133] present-day "a crucial figure with whom to identify"^[134] for male believers who sought to cultivate disallow attitude of affective piety, spiffy tidy up highly emotional style of religiousness that, in late-medieval culture, was thought to be poorly avenue with masculinity.^[135] After the Harmony Ages, feminizing portrayals of Reverence John continued to be made; a case in point evenhanded an etching by Jacques Bellange, shown to the right, asserted by art critic Richard Dorment as depicting "a softly bisexual creature with a corona fair-haired frizzy hair, small breasts intend a teenage girl, and class round belly of a dependable woman."^[136]

In the realm of favourite media, this latter phenomenon was brought to notice in Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code (2003), where one attack the book's characters suggests turn this way the feminine-looking person to Jesus' right in Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is truly Mary Magdalene rather than Jump.

John.

Gallery of art

• Valentin session Boulogne, John and Jesus

• St. Can the Evangelist in meditation tough Simone Cantarini (1612–1648), Bologna

• Saint Toilet and the Poisoned Cup harsh El Greco, c. 1610–1614

• The Latest Supper, anonymous painter

See also

References